Chili pepper how long

Chili peppers originated in Mexico after the Columbian Exchange, many cultivars of chili pepper spread across the world, used for both food and traditional medicine.

Its use dates back to more than years in Mexico and is believed to have originated in tropical America. Pepper belongs to the genus Capsicum which is a member of the Solanaceae family.

The genus Capsicum consists of approximately 31 species of which the five domesticated species are C. However, both C. Pepper has been grown and used in Eritrea for very long time, but the exact time when it was introduced is unknown, 6 however, Andrews 2 mentioned it probably rich ed the port Masawa in A recent molecular diversity study revealed that Eritrean pepper is highly diversified and can provide genotypes for various uses.

Pepper is the most widely used spice and condiment in the world and is greatly priced for its pungency and adding special flavor to many cuisines throughout the world. Average weekly household consumption of dry pepper in Eritrea is estimated at grams. The green pods are eaten raw as a salad or appetizer and cooked with various ingredients.

Only small amount of the pepper consumed in Eritrea is produced locally and is consumed as fresh pods, while the bulk of dry pods are imported.

Traditional medicine including herbal medicine is still widely practiced in most developing countries, while the use of complementary and alternative medicine is rapidly increasing in developing countries. In Eritrea the use of traditional medicine is similar to other countries with rich traditional medicinal practices in various aspects.

In old civilizations it was used by the Mayas for treating asthma, coughs, and sore and by the Aztecs to relieve toothaches. Absence of pepper in the lists of medicinal plants used in Eritrea, presented by Senai 11 is an indicator for not using it as medicinal plant or at least not widely used, specially majority of the plants were collected from the highlands were pepper is part of the food culture.

According to WHO questions about the safety, efficacy, quality, availability, preservation and further development of this type of health care are still in place. An evidence based report by Arthritis Research UK showed that around four out of 10 people in the UK use complementary medicine includes herbal medicine at some point in their lives and suggested the report may help people to select useful treatment.

Chili peppers are rich in many minerals, vitamins and amino acids essential for human health and growth. Pawar et al. Peppers contain wide array of phytochemicals such as vitamins, phenolics and flavonoids that are important anti-oxidants which may reduce degenerative diseases. They are consumed as fresh unripe fruits, ripened red or other colors and dried forms. The different species, varieties and consumption forms vary in their nutritional and anti-oxidant contents.

Capsaicin an alkaloid in chili peppers that makes them hot, is used as an analgesic in topical ointments, nasal sprays, and dermal patches to relieve pain. The rest five compounds norcapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, nornordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin and homodihydrocapsaicin , are considered minor capsaicinoids. Pungency in pepper is controlled by a single dominant gene located at the Pun1 locus of the capsicum chromosome 2. A preliminary survey conducted in by the Department of Horticulture of Hamelmalo Agriculture College to investigate pepper consumer preference showed that majority of the respondents preferred medium level pungency and avoided extremely high levels.

However, referring to the Ethiopian variety Marecofana which is widely consumed in Eritrea, the pungency preferred by the Eritrean consumer could be in the range 6,, SHU. This range for Marekofana was reported for samples of this variety collected from different pepper growing regions of Ethiopia.

Wikipedia mentioned that a study published by the British Medical Journal found some indications that humans who consume spicy foods, especially fresh chili peppers, were less likely to die of cancer or diabetes.

Reported results of population based cohort study in china and showed inverse correlation between spice consumption mainly chili pepper and both total and cause specific mortality rate. Since fresh and dried peppers differ in their nutritional and active ingredients content 14 it is expected to have different effects. Found the inverse associations of daily spicy food consumption with death due to cancer, ischemic heart diseases, and diabetes to be stronger when fresh chili consumed compared to non- fresh chili.

A vanilloid receptor known as VR1 which was later found to be member of the family TRP and was called TRPV1 transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 is the receptor for capsaicin and is universally distributed in the brain, sensory nerves, dorsal root ganglia, bladder, gut, and blood vessels. In addition to that VR1 has much broader clinical benefits than mere pain case. Chili pepper has preventive and therapeutic properties for many ailments such as different types of cancer, rheumatism, stiff joints, bronchitis and chest colds with cough and headache, arthritis, heart arrhythmias and used as stomachic.

Report of the Arthritis Research UK found capsaicin effective for treating osteoarthritis and fbromyalgia compared to placebo and can be used safely. Pepper has antimicrobial properties that are important for human health. However, the results of experiments were variable. Abdul Salam 14 tested the antimicrobial property of pepper and found ethanol extracted pepper was more effective than aqueous extracted, but both were less effective compared to standard capsaicin.

While Omolo et al. Dietary antioxidants has protective role against many diseases such as cancer, diabetics, cardiovascular and anemia. Similarly, Mateos et al. On the other hand 31 found pepper fruits at ripe red stage were higher in antioxidant activity compared to fruits at green mature stage. Although most studies show that pepper and its compounds are safe, some reports indicated it may be related to some cancer risks.

Hwang et al. In Bolivia, Peru and Chile, high gallbladder cancer GBC incidence rates were found to be related with high red chili pepper consumption. However, they concluded capsaicin is not a mutagenic or it is a weak mutagenic. Reports of experiments on animals also showed pepper consumption could have carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic effect.

In addition to that no confirmation the carcinogenic effect is due to capsaicin or other compounds in pepper. In contrast, the maximum daily intake from mild chilies and paprika in Europe was roughly estimated to be 1. On the other hand the risks could be due to aflatoxin contamination not the capsaicin effect. Tsuchiya et al. Annuum means one year, which literally does not apply. Any chili can be grown as an annual, if it dies of frost in winter.

However, if Capsicum annuum chili plants are protected from frost, they usually still bear fruit the following year. Experience has shown that this variety can easily reach 18 months of age. Two to three years are quite possible. In our experience, annual chili varieties produce many fruit in the first season. After the chilies are ripened in the second season, the pepper plant often dies. Also, Capsicum chinense originally comes from America. From the Amazon basin it spread to all of South America.

After the discovery of America, chili seeds came to Europe and finally to China. In Asia, the chili was cultivated in such masses, which later led to the assumption that its origin was also here. Capsicum chinense chilli plants grow relatively slowly.

If you want to have a good harvest in the first year, you have to start early with the cultivation. These can become impressive bushes and can produce all year long in the right environment. Some pepper growers growing in regions with cold winter weather bring their super hot pepper plants indoors to overwinter them to have a huge head start on the next season. These plants typically produce the most peppers in their first year.

Capsicum pubescens : years Rocoto and Manzano peppers are the longest lived chile pepper plants. They have distinctive multi-stemmed woody vining plants, with purple flowers, black seeds, fuzzy darker green leaves.

These are the longest lived peppers, and can live between years in the right conditions, some reports have mentioned Rocoto pepper plants that were 15 years old. They can also tolerate mild frost.