Vaccine-preventable diseases that can cause viral meningitis include measles, mumps , chickenpox and influenza. Most, but not all, cases of bacterial meningitis can be prevented by vaccination. The bacteria most often associated with meningitis include meningococcus , pneumococcus, and Haemophilus influenzae type B often referred to as Hib. Fortunately, by the age of 2, most children are fully immunized against pneumococcus and Hib and most adolescents are protected against meningococcus.
Pneumococcus is a common cause of ear infections in infants and young children. However, other bacteria also cause ear infections in this age group. The pneumococcal vaccine prevents about 7 of every ear infections and about 20 of every severe ear infections requiring tubes. The following groups of adults should get both types of the pneumococcal vaccine conjugate and polysaccharide :.
The following groups of adults should get the polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine regardless of age:. Read a personal story». Pneumococcal bacteria still cause hundreds of cases of meningitis, bloodstream infections and pneumonia every year in the United States. Because the pneumococcal vaccine does not cause serious side effects, the benefits of the vaccine clearly outweigh its risks. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and pneumococcal common protein vaccines and Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in Vaccines, 7th Edition, , Centers of Disease Control and Prevention.
Materials in this section are updated as new information and vaccines become available. The Vaccine Education Center staff regularly reviews materials for accuracy. You should not consider the information in this site to be specific, professional medical advice for your personal health or for your family's personal health.
You should not use it to replace any relationship with a physician or other qualified healthcare professional. For medical concerns, including decisions about vaccinations, medications and other treatments, you should always consult your physician or, in serious cases, seek immediate assistance from emergency personnel.
Contact Us Online. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure In the s all of the strains of pneumococcus could be treated with the antibiotic, penicillin. The early results of trials with such polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccines give promise that control of a significant portion of pneumococcal infection in the paediatric population will soon be feasible. Abstract Attempts to control pneumococcal infection by vaccination, undertaken initially in , have gone through 3 phases during the subsequent 8 decades.
The World Health Organization WHO along with the governments of several countries, reported that a valent pneumococcal vaccine would provide better protection against pneumococcal disease worldwide. In , both Merck and Lederle introduced pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines PPV23 containing 23 strains of pneumococcal which were believed to cause approximately 87 percent of all bacterial pneumonia cases in the United States.
The PPV23 vaccines were reformulated to contain 25mcg of each specific antigen, a decrease from the 50mcg per antigen found in the valent vaccine, in an attempt to better balance safety and immune response. This recommendation was made despite knowing that 2 separate studies had found the vaccine to be ineffective in reducing pneumococcal infections and deaths. In , PPV23 recommendations were updated to include special populations such as individuals living in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities and for use in Alaskan Natives and certain American Indians populations.
As pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines were found to be ineffective in children under the age of 2, vaccine development continued. Development of a method to bind a polysaccharide with a carrier protein to enhance the immune response began in , and in , the conjugated Hib vaccine became the first vaccine using polysaccharide-protein conjugation technology to receive approval by the FDA. Wyeth Lederle was the first vaccine manufacturer to develop a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
In pre-licensing clinical trials, Prevnar 7 PCV7 was tested against an experimental meningitis C vaccine, 34 which seriously compromised the scientific validity of the trial. The vaccine, however, still received approval by the FDA in February of The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine contained Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F individually conjugated to diphtheria CRM protein and was approved for use in infants and children at 2, 4, 6, and months of age for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae from the strains found within the vaccine.
In October , the FDA approved PCV7 for use in the prevention of middle ear infections otitis media despite clinical studies noting the vaccine to be only 7 percent effective against all types of acute otitis media.
Following PCV7 introduction on a global scale, scientists began to report that while the vaccine appeared to be effective in reducing nasopharyngeal carriage of S. Vaccine manufacturers responded to the emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of S. Prior to FDA approval PCV13 was studied for safety in less than 4, healthy infants and toddlers and the vaccine was compared to infants and children receiving PCV7, alone or in combination with other vaccines. ACIP also recommended PCV13 for children and teenagers between 6 and 18 years of age not previously vaccinated and considered to be at high risk for pneumococcal disease related to immunosuppressive conditions including sickle cell anemia, asplenia, HIV, the presence of a cochlear implant, or cerebrospinal fluid leak.
In , ACIP updated its recommendations for the use of PCV13, recommending the vaccine be administered to all seniors 65 and older in addition to the previously recommended PPSV23 vaccine; 62 however, by October , ACIP reported that is recommendation had not reduced pneumonia rates among persons 65 years and older. In June , ACIP voted to pull back from its recommendation and stated that healthy seniors 65 and older could consider this vaccination after discussions with their physician.
PCV13 is still recommended for seniors 65 years and older who have chronic health conditions and a single dose of PPSV23 is still recommended for all persons 65 and older. Since the introduction of PCV13, pneumococcal strains not covered within the vaccine have continued to emerge. Researchers in the United States have noted that while invasive pneumococcal disease has decreased since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, S. Korea, 68 Taiwan, 69 and several Western European countries, 70 have also reported an increase in pneumococcal strains not covered by PCV13 and scientists continue to recommend pneumococcal strain monitoring and further development of vaccines in response to continued emergence of non-vaccine type strains.
IMPORTANT NOTE: NVIC encourages you to become fully informed about Pneumococcal and the Pneumococcal vaccine by reading all sections in the Table of Contents , which contain many links and resources such as the manufacturer product information inserts, and to speak with one or more trusted health care professionals before making a vaccination decision for yourself or your child.
This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Other symptoms can include headaches, fatigue, feeling sick or vomiting, wheezing, joint and muscle pain, and feeling confused and disorientated particularly in elderly people. Symptoms can appear very suddenly, or take several days to develop. Meningitis : is the inflammation of the outer covering of the brain and spinal cord.
Early symptoms are usually fever, vomiting, headache and feeling unwell, just like in many mild illnesses but in babies under 3 months old there may be no sign of fever. Other symptoms include high-pitched screaming in babies, being difficult to wake, and tense or bulging soft spot on head. When meningitis is caused by pneumococcal bacteria, the reddish-purple non-blanching rash usually does not appear.
A non-blanching rash does not disappear when pressed with a glass, which many people think of as a classic sign of meningitis.
The disease progresses very quickly, and can kill in a matter of hours. Septicaemia: is a serious form of blood poisoning produces a rash in most cases, which is typically non-blanching but not always, especially in the early stages may cause joint and limb pain causes shock can lead to skin scarring or limb amputations See the Meningitis Research Foundation website for more detailed information on the signs and symptoms of meningitis.
How is it passed on? What protection is available? More information about the disease Before the introduction of childhood pneumococcal vaccination, one child in every in the UK was admitted to hospital for pneumococcal pneumonia during the first five years of life. Page last updated:.
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