But not always. Some people contracted full-on smallpox and all those inoculated became carriers of the disease, inadvertently passing it on to people they met. A better solution was needed. Before Jenner's involvement, the treatments for smallpox ranged from the useless to the bizarre Credit: Getty Images. By the s, it was relatively well known in rural England that a group of people seemed to be immune to smallpox. Milkmaids instead contracted a relatively mild cattle disease called cowpox, which left little scarring.
During a smallpox epidemic in the west of England in , farmer Benjamin Jesty decided to try something. He scratched some pus from cowpox lesions on the udders of a cow into the skin of his wife and sons. None of them contracted smallpox. The man credited with inventing vaccination, and more importantly, popularising it, made similar observations and came to similar conclusions.
Edward Jenner was a country doctor working in the small town of Berkeley in Gloucestershire. He had trained in London under one of the foremost surgeons of the day.
In , after gathering some circumstantial evidence from farmers and milkmaids, Jenner decided to try an experiment. A potentially fatal experiment. On a child. He took some pus from cowpox lesions on the hands of a young milkmaid, Sarah Nelms, and scratched it into the skin of eight-year old James Phipps. After a few days of mild illness, James recovered sufficiently for Jenner to inoculate the boy with matter from a smallpox blister.
James did not develop smallpox, nor did any of the people he came into close contact with. Edward Jenner, memorialised here in a statue vaccinating his son, swerved ethical concerns to see whether a cowpox vaccine could save lives Credit: Getty Images.
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The practice of immunisation dates back hundreds of years. Buddhist monks drank snake venom to confer immunity to snake bite and variolation smearing of a skin tear with cowpox to confer immunity to smallpox was practiced in 17th century China. Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology in the West in , after he inoculated a 13 year-old-boy with vaccinia virus cowpox , and demonstrated immunity to smallpox. In , the first smallpox vaccine was developed.
Over the 18th and 19th centuries, systematic implementation of mass smallpox immunisation culminated in its global eradication in Plague vaccine was also invented in the late 19th Century. Between and , bacterial vaccine development proliferated, including the Bacillis-Calmette-Guerin BCG vaccination, which is still in use today. In , Alexander Glenny perfected a method to inactivate tetanus toxin with formaldehyde.
The same method was used to develop a vaccine against diphtheria in Pertussis vaccine development took considerably longer, with a whole cell vaccine first licensed for use in the US in
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